This article is about the biblical cities. For other uses, see Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation).Sodom and Gomorrah afire by Jacob de Wet II, 1680

Sodom and Gomorrah (/ˈsɒdəm ... ɡəˈmɒrə/)^[1] were two cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis^[2] and throughout the Hebrew Bible,^[3] the New Testament, and in the deuterocanonical books, as well as in the Quran and the hadith.^[4]

According to the Torah, the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah, Zeboim, and Bela. These five cities, also known as the "cities of the plain" (from Genesis in the King James Version), were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan. The plain was compared to the garden of Eden^[Gen.13:10] as being well-watered and green, suitable for grazing livestock. Divine judgment was passed upon them and four of them were consumed by fire and brimstone. Neighboring Zoar (Bela) was the only city to be spared. In Abrahamic religions, Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin, and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of divine retribution.^{[5][6][Jude 1:7]} The Bible mentions that the cities were destroyed for their sins, an attempt at rape, haughtiness and egoism.

Sodom and Gomorrah have been used historically and in modern discourse as metaphors for homosexuality, and are the origin of the English words, sodomite, a pejorative term for male homosexuals, and sodomy, which is used in a legal context under the label "crimes against nature" to describe anal or oral sex (particularly homosexual) and bestiality.^[7][8][9] This is based upon exegesis of the biblical text interpreting divine judgement upon Sodom and Gomorrah as punishment for the sin of homosexual sex, though some contemporary scholars dispute this interpretation.^[10][11][12] Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into sharia.^[13]

• 1Etymology
• 2Book of Genesis
  • 2.1Battle of Siddim
  • 2.2Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah
• 3Other biblical references
  • 3.1Hebrew Bible
  • 3.2New Testament
  • 3.3Deuterocanon
• 4Historicity
  • 4.1Sites
  • 4.2Southern Theory
  • 4.3Northern Theory
  • 4.4Natural disaster
  • 4.5Other hypotheses
• 5Religious views
  • 5.1Jewish
  • 5.2Christian
  • 5.3Islamic
• 6Modern Sodom
• 7Second World War
• 8See also
• 9References
• 10External links

Etymology[edit]

The etymology of both names is uncertain, and scholars disagree about them.^[14]

They are known in Hebrew as סְדֹם (Səḏōm) and עֲמֹרָה (‘Ămōrāh). In the Septuagint these became Σόδομα (Sódoma) and Γόμορρᾰ (Gómorrha; the Hebrew ghayn was absorbed by ayin sometime after the Septuagint was transcribed, it is still pronounced as a voiced uvular fricative in Mizrahi, which is rendered in Greek by a gamma, a voiced velar stop).^[15][16]

According to Bob Macdonald, the Hebrew term for Gomorrah was based on the Semitic root ʿ-m-r, which means "be deep", "copious (water)".^[17]

Book of Genesis[edit]

The Book of Genesis is the primary source that mentions the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Battle of Siddim[edit]

Main article: Battle of Siddim

The Battle of Siddim is described in Genesis 14:1–17. Lot is encamped within the borders of Sodom at a time when "the men of Sodom [are] wicked and sinners before the Lord exceedingly". Sodom and Gomorrah are ruled by Bera and Birsha, respectively, although their kingship is not sovereign because the Jordan plain has been under the rule of Chedorlaomer the Elamite for twelve years.

In the thirteenth year of their subjugation, the five kings of the Jordan plain—Bera, Birsha, Shinab of Admah, Shemeber of Zeboiim, and the unnamed king of Bela (later called Zoar)—ally to rebel against Elam. The following year, Chedorlaomer gathers forces from Shinar, Ellasar and Goyim to suppress the rebellion in the Vale of Siddim. The cities of the plain take heavy losses and are defeated. Sodom and Gomorrah are despoiled and captives are taken, among them Lot.

The tide turns when Lot's uncle, Abraham, gathers an elite force that slaughters the hosts of Chedorlaomer in Hobah, north of Damascus, freeing the cities of the plain from the grip of Elam.

Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah[edit]

See also: Hospitality § JudaismSodom and Gomorrah being destroyed in the background of Lucas van Leyden's 1520 painting Lot and his Daughters

The story of the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah is told in Genesis 18–19. Three men come to Abraham in the plains of Mamre. After the angels received the hospitality of Abraham and Sarah, the Lord reveals to Abraham that he would confirm what he had heard against Sodom and Gomorrah, "and because their sin is very grievous."

Abraham inquires if the Lord will spare the city should fifty righteous people be found within it, to which the Lord agrees. Abraham then pleads for mercy at successively lower numbers—first forty-five, then forty, then thirty, then twenty, and finally ten—with the Lord agreeing each time.^[18]

Two angels are sent on before them to Sodom and are met by Abraham's nephew Lot, who convinces them to lodge with him, and he serves them a meal.

4 But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both young and old, all the people from every quarter.
5 And they called unto Lot, and said unto him: 'Where are the men that came in to thee this night? Bring them out unto us, that we may know them.' (NRSV: know them, NIV: can have sex with them, NJB: can have intercourse with them).

Sodom and Gomorrah from the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel, 1493. Lot's wife, already transformed into a salt pillar, is in the center.

Lot refused to give his guests to the inhabitants of Sodom and, instead, offered them his two virgin daughters "which have not known man" and to "do ye to them as [is] good in your eyes". They refused this offer, complained about this alien, namely Lot, judging them, and then came near to break down the door. Lot's angelic guests rescued him and struck the men with blindness and they informed Lot of their mission to destroy the city, then they commanded Lot to gather his family and leave. As they made their escape, one angel commanded Lot to "look not behind thee" (singular "thee"). As Sodom and Gomorrah were being destroyed with brimstone and fire from the Lord, Lot's wife looked back at the city, and she became a pillar of salt.^{[19][20][21][22]}

Other biblical references[edit]

The Hebrew Bible contains several other references to Sodom and Gomorrah. The New Testament also contains passages of parallels to the destruction and surrounding events that pertained to these cities and those who were involved. Later deuterocanonical texts attempt to glean^{[clarification needed]} additional insights about these cities of the Jordan Plain and their residents. Additionally, the inhospitality which triggered the destruction is reminiscent of the Book of Judges' account of The Levite's Concubine.^[23]

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